Fig. 2

Exposure / outcome diagram for the development and outcomes of AF in critical illness identifying the relationship between critical illness and the development of AF and early, intermediate, and long-term outcomes, primary and secondary mediators (solid lines), possible effect modifiers (dashed lines), and differing potential treatments regarding the disease stages and outcomes. Square arrowheads represent potential treatment effect. AF = atrial fibrillation, ICU = intensive care unit, VFD = ventilator-free days, TE = thromboembolism